Vaccines provide protection against acquisition of vaccine-serotype pneumococcal carriage for several years with differences across serotypes and PCV schedules. Go to footnote 1 No sustained population-level immunity with 3p+0 schedule was seen in Malawi. Go to footnote 2 A study in the UK that compared the 2p+1 with 1p+1 schedule with PCV13 found no significant difference in breakthrough infections and vaccine failure rates between the schedules. Go to footnote 3 All PCVs result in some degree of serotype replacement, whereby non-vaccine serotypes increase in prevalence in carriage and disease; however, in general among children, reductions in vaccine-type disease are greater than increases in non-vaccine-type disease, resulting in overall reductions in pneumococcal disease.
- Go back to footnote reference 1
Le Polain De Waroux, O., Flasche, S., Prieto Merino, D., Goldblatt, D., & Edmunds, W.J. et al. (2015) ‘The efficacy and duration of protection of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines against nasopharyngeal carriage: a meta regression model’, Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 34(8), pp. 858 864. doi:10.1097/INF.0000000000000717
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Swarthout TD, Henrion MYR, Thindwa D, Meiring JE, Mbewe M et al. (2022). Waning of antibody levels induced by a 13 valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, using a 3+0 schedule, within the first year of life among children younger than 5 years in Blantyre, Malawi: an observational, population-level, serosurveillance study. Lancet Infect Dis. 22(12):1737–1747. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00438-8.
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Hill, E. M., et al. (2023) Invasive pneumococcal disease 3 years after introduction of a reduced 1+1 infant 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine immunisation schedule in England: a prospective national observational surveillance study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. DOI: 10.1016/S1473 3099(23)00706 5.
