A systematic review of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics associated with inequalities in invasive meningococcal disease prevention in high-income countries and Latin America

Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) is an uncommon and often fatal disease. Although IMD vaccines are widely available in high-income countries, vaccination access and receipt vary. To identify factors associated with IMD prevention inequalities across high-income countries and Latin America, a systematic literature review (SLR) of four databases (Embase, MEDLINE/MEDLINE In-Process, The Cochrane Library, EconLit; 2012-2023), and recent congress proceedings was conducted. In total, 68 studies reported inequalities in IMD prevention and were included in the analysis, across North America, Latin America, Europe, and the Western Pacific. Despite increased vaccination opportunities, inequalities in IMD prevention remain, associated with demographic and socioeconomic characteristics such as age, sex, income, and quality healthcare access. Poor IMD vaccination rates were associated with low IMD knowledge/awareness, negative attitudes toward vaccination, and low educational attainment. This SLR identified knowledge gaps regarding IMD prevention, highlighted underserved populations, and may inform policy changes to improve IMD-related health equity. Copyright © 2025 GSK Plc. Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.