Immunogenicity of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in hemodialysis patients: Systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Vaccine response is a concern in hemodialysis patients. Given that hemodialysis patients were not included in clinical trials, we aimed to synthesize the available evidence on the immunogenicity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mRNA vaccines in hemodialysis patients. METHODS: We searched Scopus, PubMed, Sciencedirect, and finally google scholar databases for studies on COVID-19 mRNA-vaccines immunogenicity in hemodialysis patients up to December 1, 2021. Eligible articles measured antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike or Receptor-Binding Domain Antibody (S/RBD) postimmunization with COVID-19 mRNA vaccines. The immunogenicity of the vaccine was evaluated using seroconversion rates measured between 21 and 30 days after the first immunization and between 14 and 36 days post the second dose. We included studies including participants without a history of COVID-19 before vaccination. Healthy controls or health-care workers served as the control groups. After selecting eligible articles, the data were finally extracted from included articles. We used a random effects model to estimate the pooled seroconversion rate after COVID-19 mRNA vaccine administration. We assessed the heterogeneity between studies with the I 2 statistical index. RESULT: We selected 39 eligible citations comprising 806 cases and 336 controls for the first dose and 6314 cases and 927 controls for the second dose for statistical analysis. After the first dose of mRNA vaccines, the seroconversion rate was 36% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.24-0.47) and 68% (95% CI: 0.45-0.91) in hemodialysis patients and the control group, respectively. While seroconversion rate after the second dose of mRNA vaccines was 86% (95% CI: 0.81-0.91) and 100% (95% CI: 1.00-1.00) in hemodialysis patients and the control group, respectively. CONCLUSION: Although the immune response of hemodialysis patients to the second dose of the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine is very promising, the seroconversion rate of dialysis patients is lower than healthy controls. Periodically assessment of antibody levels of hemodialysis patients at short intervals is recommended.