The effect of digital interventions on the uptake of HPV vaccination in the United States: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Objective: This systematic review and meta-analysis assess the effectiveness of digital health interventions in increasing Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination uptake in the United States. Method(s): A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library. We extracted data on intervention characteristics and outcomes related to HPV vaccination. Study efficacy was synthesized through a random-effects meta-analysis, with subgroup analyses performed to explore heterogeneity based on key intervention features. Result(s): The meta-analysis of included studies demonstrated that digital interventions significantly improved HPV vaccination uptake (odds ratio [OR] = 1.75, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 1.40-2.17). In term of the type of digital interventions, the most effective strategy integrated education with reminders (OR = 2.72). Reminder-only interventions (OR = 1.84) proved superior to education-only approaches (OR = 1.12). In terms of digital platforms, email and text message were the most effective, with OR of 8.08 and 2.61, respectively. The effectiveness of digital interventions varied by duration of the interventions and characteristics of target population. Conclusion(s): Digital interventions represent a potent tool for enhancing HPV vaccine coverage. To optimize impact, public health initiatives should prioritize multi-component designs and tailor the digital platform and intervention length to the target population. Copyright © 2025 Elsevier Ltd